Thank you! – 77

February 9, 2024

Thank you! – 77

Every time I finish commenting on a book of the Bible, I send a thank you blog.  I have posted over 16,710 blogs about the individual paragraphs of all the 46 books of the Old Testament, plus the individual verses of all the 27 books of the New Testament.  I have just finished commenting on the sources of the Book of Leviticus, that has taken me about three months, since I began last year.  I began these blogs when I retired in 2013. 

280 people follow this blog every day.  Many people have visited this site.  There have been over 100,000 hits on this blog since its inception.  I just want to thank all of you. 

I realize that some people have left comments, but I have not responded to them.  Some of you might want to moderate my comments, which is fine with me.  If you want to contact me directly, my email is efinne1540@gmail.com.

I want to thank all of you who have sent emails to me these past months, especially

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A summary of Leviticus

Leviticus has the rituals for the various offerings that had to be made with clear rules on how to sacrifice the various animals, with various kinds of animal sacrificial offerings, a sin offering, a burnt offering, and a well-being offering.  Finally, there were the grain offerings.  The purpose of each one of these offerings was explained in detail.  Thus, the holocaust altar outside the tent or sanctuary received a lot of work.  Leviticus explained how priests were consecrated and ordained and exactly what they were to do.  There was an elaborate ordination service that lasted seven days.  Along with the ordination, the priestly functions of presenting the sin offerings, the burnt offerings, and the offerings of well-being were important.  With all the blood poured out at the holocaust altar, there was never any mention of a cleanup task.  The Levite priests had a strong cultic role in leading the worship of these Israelites.  In fact, there was the story of Aaron’s two sons dying, because they used the wrong incense.  Leviticus also contains the famous explanation of the difference between clean and unclean items.  The animals that chew the cud and have cleft hoofs were clean, while the others were not.  The creatures in the water with fins and scales were clean, otherwise they were not.  Certain birds were clean, while others were not.  There were even clean insects, those with jointed legs.  Sometimes the punishment for touching an unclean animal that made you unclean was that you had to wait until the evening when you had to wash yourself, not a very severe punishment.  There was also human uncleanness.  Women after childbirth were unclean for a certain number of days, depending on the sex of their child.  People with a variety of sores on their bodies went to the priest to be declared clean or unclean.  Many sores, boils, burns or growths on the body were considered leprous.  The priest, like a medical doctor, made the final decision on whether they would be considered a leper or not.  There was a strong use of quarantine.  There was a complex purification ritual to make oneself clean, but only after the disease had abated.  Finally, the law of holiness explained what makes them holy.  Yahweh is holy.  There was a code of holiness that was a further explanation of the commands to make the Israelites like Yahweh.  There were over forty of these ordinances or statutes that further expanded the meaning of the Ten Commandments.  There were guidelines and punishments for sexual misconduct.  Anything that touched Yahweh was holy, so that the priests were holy, especially the high priest.  Anything that touched the holy place became holy.  There were times of rest, the weekly Sabbath, the seven-year Sabbath and the Jubilee Year, every fifty years.  Yahweh would provide for them.  Obviously, this begins to happen when they arrived in the Promised Land.  The Jubilee Year was a little tricky, since they let all land go back to its original owner.  After all, Yahweh owned everything and they were just tenants or slaves on this earth.  A whole series of laws about transactions, for walled and un-walled property, with the role of the Levites came into play.  The consecrated vows were a little obscure.  Somehow, if you vowed to give something and decided that you wanted to take it back, you had to pay a 20% fee to get it back on top of the price of the item that you consecrated to Yahweh.  This appears to be another important role for the priest to decide.  He had to assess the value of these various animals and buildings.  Clearly the role of the priests dominates in this Book of Leviticus.  Do priests dominate in your life?

Tithing

In Leviticus, chapter 27:30-34, tithing or 10% belonged to Yahweh, whether seeds or fruits.  If they wanted to redeem their tithing, they would have to pay a 20% add on cost.  Apparently passing under the shepherd’s staff was how the counting of 10% was done for the animal herds and flocks.  There were no substitutions.  The tithes, which already belonged to Yahweh, could not be dedicated to the Yahweh as a vow, either.  If a man wished to redeem any of his produce from the land, he would have to pay the 20% penalty.  The tithe of the flock, however, could not be redeemed.  The selection of the tenth animal must not in any way be manipulated.  To attempt to exchange an animal in place of the 10th animal meant that both animals would be an offering to Yahweh.  Leviticus prohibited the owners of the flocks and herds from engaging in an arbitrary or haphazard selection of animals to be offered to Yahweh.  Finally, in case there was any doubt, these were the commandments that Yahweh gave to Moses for the people of Israel on Mount Sinai.  Do you believe in tithing?

First born animals and non-redeemable items

According to Leviticus, chapter 27:26-29, the Israelites could not consecrate or vow their first-born animals, whether ox or sheep, to Yahweh, because they already belonged to Yahweh.  Only if it was unclean, could it be ransomed with a 20% assessment.  If it was not redeemed, it should be sold at its assessment value.  Someone might be tempted to pay their obligation to Yahweh with money of a lesser value, but some would even be so bold as to devote something to Yahweh by a vow that was already his, double dipping.  They could not use an animal was already due to Yahweh, as a vowed offering also.  Nothing that had been already devoted to destruction for Yahweh may be sold or redeemed because every devoted thing was most holy to Yahweh.  This included all humans, animals, and inherited lands.  The problem was that above paragraphs listed a whole series of payments that could be made to redeem people and lands.  If they could not redeem items or people dedicated to Yahweh, then why were all these payment structures laid out?  Even more troublesome was the concept that human beings who have been devoted to destruction could not be ransomed.  They had to be put to death.  Any person or thing that was already devoted to Yahweh could not be vowed as a gift to the Yahweh, nor redeemed.  The person who was under this ban could not be redeemed, but must be put to death.  This seems to imply some kind of human sacrifice like Abraham with Isaac.  Do you think that some obligations are also a free will donation?

Vowed houses and fields

In Leviticus, chapter 27:14-25, there was an explanation about vowed houses and lands, since some people had consecrated or vowed their property to Yahweh, but then later decided to take it back.  If an Israelite wanted to vow his house to Yahweh, the priest gave it a value, like a land assessor.  However, if he wanted to take his house back, that person could redeem it by adding 20% to the original price.  Then he could take back his vowed free will offering of a house.  The priest acted as both a doctor and a land assessor.  It was not stated what kind of house that was consecrated to Yahweh.  Was it part of the family estate or another piece of property, that would revert to the owner in the Jubilee Year?  Clearly the priest was the one who assessed the value of this house.  He had the final word on its value.  The land was more complicated, because it was based on how much seed was used.  For barley it was 50 shekels to a homer of barley seed.  A “homer” was 10% of a bushel, which sounds expensive.  The priests should be aware of the financial effects of the Jubilee Year, because the priest computed the price according to the years remaining until the next Jubilee Year.  He then reduced or added to the assessment, based on when the next Jubilee Year was.  If they wanted to take back a consecrated vowed land, then 20% was added to the assessed value.  Once a field was sold, it was not redeemable.  When a field was released in the Jubilee year, it became the priest’s holding, but the field should return to its original owner.  All assessments should be made by the sanctuary shekel. Here the priest was also a real estate agent.  Israelites could vow or dedicate a portion of their family inheritance, but that property would revert to the owner or his heirs in the Jubilee Year.  The value of this property was to be determined by the amount of seed it took to plant the field.  The number of years remaining until the Jubilee Year would determine the value of this gift, as well as the price required to redeem it.  If the man who dedicated this field attempted to negate his vow by selling this property to another person, the property would then revert to Yahweh in the Jubilee Year, and not to the original owner who devoted it to Yahweh by a vow. The property would then become the possession of the priest.  Thus, a person might purchase the fields of a fellow-Israelite and then devote them to Yahweh as an offering.  The priest determined the value of this land, like a real estate broker.  When the Jubilee Year arrived, the land would revert to its original owner and not to the donor.  The value of the field was thus equal to the value of the crops it would produce until the Jubilee Year.  Have you ever tried to buy or sell inherited agricultural land?

Vows

An Israelite vow was a voluntary promise to worship Yahweh with a certain dedicated offering in the future.  This vow was motivated by gratitude for Yahweh’s grace in their lives, so that it was one of the highest personal forms of Israelite worship.  Today, we think of marriage vows and religious vows.  Vows can prove to be a very beneficial and significant turning point in the lives of people.  However, there were no details on how the Israelites should make these vows.  Perhaps vow-making was so common in the ancient Near East that this was unnecessary.  The real problem was what to do if the Israelites broke their vows.  There were economic costly penalties for breaking a voluntary vow.  There were many Old Testament texts dealing with vows.  A vow made was a vow kept.  They should keep their word about vows as quickly as possible.  However, they did not commit a sin or be found guilty, if they did not fulfill their vow.  They should have been more careful when they made their vows.  In fact, there were some false vows.  Some vows may have been sincere, but then were forgotten, regretted, or not fulfilled.  When they made a vow to Yahweh, they should not be late in paying it.  However, they should be cautious about making vows, not foolishly rush into them, because there were costly economic consequences or sanctions.  When the Israelites failed to keep their vows, they also caused other humans to become doubtful of all promises.  This disregard of vows caused people to doubt all commitments, even Yahweh’s.  For the Israelites to take their vows lightly was to negate the impact that Yahweh’s promises of blessing or cursing was intended to have as an incentive to faithfulness and obedience.  These vows were binding.  In most cases when vows were made, the individuals were sincere and intended to keep that vow.  However, over time, people might think that the vow was excessive, and start looking for a way out of keeping their promises.  They should not have made hasty vows.  Have you ever made a vow to God?

Presentations of Animals

Leviticus, chapter 27:9-13, explained the problem of animals brought as an offering to Yahweh.  They had to be holy like Yahweh.  They could not exchange or substitute either a good one for a bad one, or bad for a good one.  If one animal was substituted for another, both that original one and its substitute should be holy.  If it concerns any unclean animal that may not be brought as an offering to Yahweh, the animal shall be presented before the priest.  The priest shall assess it, whether good or bad.  According to the assessment of the priest, so it shall be.  But if it is to be redeemed, one-fifth must be added to the assessment.  You cannot switch the offering animals.  However, if you want to take back your animal because of a blemish, it can be redeemed with a 20% fee added on.  However, the assessment of the priest is the final word.  Are you careful with your offerings?

The value of various people

In Leviticus, chapter 27:1-8, Yahweh explained to Moses, which in turn he was to tell the Israelites about vows.  What do you do when you made a vow, and then you find out that you cannot keep it?  This strange appendix tried to deal with this problem by putting a financial number on the value of the person who made the vow.  In order to redeem your vow or get out of it, you would have to pay a fee to the sanctuary, using the sanctuary silver shekel.  However, as in most cases there were exceptions that could be brought to the priest, who would assess them according to what they could afford.  In fact, each age and sex had a different value, showing the importance of one group over another.  Here the values assigned by this section of Leviticus, according to what Yahweh said to Moses.  A male between the ages of 20-60 was worth 50 shekels.  A female between the ages of 20-60 was worth 30 shekels.  A male between the ages of 5-20 was worth 20 shekels.  A female between the ages of 5-20 was worth 10 shekels.  A male between one month and five months was worth 5 shekels.  A female between one month and five months was worth 3 shekels.  A male over 60 was worth 15 shekels.  A female over 60 was worth 5 shekels.  Women were worth less then men. Women were worth 3/5 of men if they are under 5 years old and 20-60 years old.  However, they were worth less, only 1/2, if between 5 and 20, and only 1/3, if over sixty.  Age was the other discriminatory factor, as the 20-60 year old male was so much more valuable than the younger or older male.  There was a clear financial value of women at between 30%-60% of the value of men.  This has persisted down to the present day.  However, the age factor is larger, between 10%-40%.  Do you think that the age and the sex of a person makes them worth more than others?

The Sabbath years for the land

In Leviticus, chapter 26:34-46, Yahweh indicated that the Israelite land would enjoy its Sabbath years because it was desolate, while they were in the land of their enemies.  This was a foreshadowing of their future exiles.  However, the land would rest because they were not living on it.  Those who survived would suffer also.  They would be faint hearted, so that even a moving leaf would scare them.  They would flee as if a sword was after them.  They would fall even though no one was pursuing them.  They would stumble over one another.  They would have no power to stand against their enemies, so that they would perish among the nations.  They would be swallowed up in their enemies’ lands.  They would languish in the land of their enemies.  However, all these curses, like the blessings, were for the here and now, and not some after life promise or punishment.  They had sinned and they must suffer punishment or curses.  However, there was a possible redemption.  If they confessed their iniquity of their uncircumcised hearts and that of their ancestors, if they are humble and wanted to make amends, Yahweh would remember his covenant with Jacob, Isaac, and Abraham.  Yahweh would not break his covenant with them.  This was a two-way covenant.  Yahweh remembered the land that was deserted by them, enjoying its Sabbath years by lying desolate without them.  They could make amends for their iniquity, because they had dared to spurn the ordinances of Yahweh.  They had abhorred his statutes.  Even though, they were in the land of their enemies, He would not spurn them, or abhor them.  He would not utterly destroy them and break his covenant with them.  He was still Yahweh their Elohim.  He would remember the covenant with their ancestors, whom he brought out of the land of Egypt in the sight of the nations, to be their Elohim.  He was Yahweh, who expected the Israelites to keep his commandments.  He would then keep his promise that he gave to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.  There should be no confusion.  These were the commandments that Yahweh gave to Moses for the people of Israel on Mount Sinai.  Do you keep the commandments of God?

The curses or punishments

In Leviticus, chapter 26:14-35, the reverse was also true.  If they did not obey Yahweh and his commandments, he would punish them here and now.  If they have sinned by breaking the covenant with Yahweh, the following curses would be upon them.  Consumption would visit them.  Fever would waste their eyes.  Their life would slip away.  They would sow their seed in vain, because their enemies would eat their crop.  They would be struck down by their enemies.  Their foes would rule over them.  They would flee even though no one was pursuing them.  Yahweh would punish them sevenfold for their sins, if they continued to disobey him.  Yahweh would break their proud glory.  He would make their sky like iron and their earth like copper.  Their strength would be spent in a useless way.  Their land would not yield its produce and their trees would not yield their fruit.  If they continued to be disobedient and hostile, Yahweh would send further evil upon them with a sevenfold plague for their sins.  Yahweh would let loose wild animals against them.  Their enemies would destroy their children and livestock, so that they would have few children and livestock.  Their roads would be deserted.  If, despite all these punishments they had not turned back to Yahweh, then Yahweh would continue to be hostile to them.  Yahweh was going to strike sevenfold and bring the sword against them, because he would execute vengeance for breaking the covenant.  If they withdrew within their cities, Yahweh would send pestilence among them.  Yahweh would deliver them into enemy hands.  Ten women will bake their bread in a single oven, since they would lack bread.  Although they ate bread, they would not be satisfied.  If they continued to disobey, Yahweh would continue to bring his sevenfold fury upon the Israelites with several punishments.  These Israelites would begin to eat the flesh of their sons and daughters.  Yahweh would destroy their high places and cut down their incense altars.  Yahweh would heap their carcasses on the carcasses of their idols.  He would abhor them.  He would lay waste to their cities. He would make their sanctuaries desolate.  He would not smell their pleasing odors.  He would devastate the land, so that their enemies would settle in it and be appalled at how bad it was.  Yahweh was going to scatter them among the various nations with his sword.  He was going to the leave their land in desolation.  Their cities would be a waste.  This curse or punishment of banishment from the land came to be with the Assyrian and Babylonian captivity, plus the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple after the time of Jesus Christ.  Have you ever experienced the punishment of God?